Amy G. Hise, M.D., M.P.H., assistant professor at the Center, along with a team of researchers for Global Health and Diseases at Case Western Reserve University’s School of Medicine, have discovered how the human body fights off oral yeast infections caused by the most common human fungal pathogen, Candida.
Candida Albicans, which is the most common species of Candida, is a leading cause of oral and vaginal yeast infection. It is also known to cause thrush and denture stomatitis. Thrush and denture stomatitis are also known to be caused by Candida Albicans. It is the fourth most common hospital-acquired bloodborne pathogen in the US and is found to be present in the mouths of 30-50% of healthy adults.
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Because of the unrestricted nature of Candida, the potential for overgrowth and contamination is common amongst the young, elderly, immuno-compromised and people receiving chemotherapy treatments. Also, as fungal infections become more and more defiant to the current drugs, this research may lead to the evolution of new drugs and therapies that will help further limit Candida infections in the future.
The findings, published in Cell, Host and Microbe, identified the critical role of a protein, interleukin-1? or IL-1?, secreted by a variety of cells in the human immune system to protect the body from oral colonization by Candida albicans and preventing it from spreading to infect host tissue and blood. The study defines the precise mechanism by which the body’s immune cells produce IL-1? following contact with Candida albicans. Further, it shows that a complex of proteins, collectively termed the NLRP3 inflammasome, function to produce IL-1? from an inactive, precursor form into a form that can be secreted by cells and subsequently function to modulate the immune system and its responses.
This research clarifies a number of mechanisms and pathways that may be therapeutic targets to help alleviate and/or eliminate Candida overgrowth and its accompanying symptoms, such as pain and discomfort, swelling, burning sensation of affected area, difficulty swallowing, in individuals suffering from infections.
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New avenues of research in fungal infections are bound to open becuase of the findings of Hise’ lab. One direction researchers are pursuing is identifying the way the fungus activates the inflammasome. This might provide new targets for drug development. Another area of interest is the investigation of how small differences between individuals in immune related genes, called single nucleotide polymorphisms or SNPs, affect susceptibility to fungal and other infections.
“If we can identify patterns of SNPs that make people more likely to develop life-threatening fungal infections, it may be possible in the future to use these as markers to screen patients. For example, patients admitted to intensive care units or needing long-term invasive catheters could be genetically screened to identify who would benefit from preventive anti-fungal treatment,” says Hise.
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